Informatics Publishing Limited

K. P. Sridhar ¹, D. Muralidharan ¹

Affiliations
1 VLSI Design, School of Computing, SASTRA University, IN

Abstract

Microelectronic crypto devices contain intellectual property like secret data to be protected against side channel attack. Scan chain based attacks come under the category of side channel attack where the hackers attack a scan path through observing and comparing the relationship between intermediate hamming distances values for different test vector patterns. Hence our novel hamming model should overcome the scan based attack and should not give any correlation relationship in hamming distance by providing the similar intermediate values for all test vector patterns which are obtained through an optimal way of inserting Optimal Scan Flip Flop (OSFF) randomly to the scan path chain. Implementation of our proposed integrated circuits is written in Verilog and synthesised with XILINX Spartan III FPGA. The report is compared with Robust Scan Flip Flop (RFSS) hamming model to estimate the overhead of component minimized in OSFF.

Keywords

Crypto Cores, Chip Security, FPGA, Verilog, VLSI Testing

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R. N. Athavale ¹, R. Rangarajan ¹, D. Muralidharan ¹

Affiliations
1 National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, 500 007, IN

Abstract

The broad pattern, emerging from recharge measurements in various basins ranging in area from few tens to few thousands of square km indicates an annual input of about 16% (or 100 mm) of the precipitation in the Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract and about 8% (or 60 mm) ofthe precipitation in the Peninsular hard-rock areas. The Tritium recharge measurements are compared with those obtained by using hydro-meteorological and hydrogeological methods. The relation between recharge values and water level fluctuations in open wells is studied and regression plots showing dependence of recharge rate on rainfall over granitic, basaltic, sedimentary and alluvial provinces are presented. Data on temporal variation in recharge due to variation in rainfall over three hydrological cycles in a granitic watershed in the semi-arid area is presented. The utility of such studies in prediction of recharge from rainfall data is illustrated.

Keywords

Hydrogeology, Groundwater, Rainfall, Recharge, Tritium.

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D. Muralidharan ¹, G. B. K. Shankar ¹

Affiliations
1 National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad - 500 007, IN

Abstract

An attempt has been made to extend the empirical relationship between geoelectric parameters and hydraulic properties of an aquifer put forth by Kelly (1977) for the phreatic aquifers of Deccan Trap basalts. Results of pumping tests, resistivity surveys and hydrogeochemical analysis from Godavari-Purna basin were utilised. A linear relationship between Transverse Resistance and Transmissivity of phreatic aquifer was obtained. The linear relationship was extended to other similar basaltic areas for validation.

Keywords

Hydraulic Transmissivity, Resistivity, Deccan Traps.

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D. Muralidharan ¹

Affiliations
1 National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad - 500 007, IN

Abstract

Resistivity sounding technique is conventionally adopted for ground water exploration in hard rock areas. From the interpretation and layer parameter evaluation alone, deciphering the actual depth to aquifer zone and delineating the thin high yielding fracture zones is found to be difficult. In many cases, the high yielding zones are found to be well within the bedrock signal part of the sounding curve. A non-conventional way of examining the apparent resistivity data of soundings was attempted for the soundings conducted over different hard rock terrains. The interpretation yielded a factorial depth relation with the yielding aquifer zones hidden in the bedrock signal. This approach has been used successfully in many areas of investigation. A theoretical base for the observed depth relation is at developmental stage.

Keywords

Apparent Resistivity, Aquifers, Hard Rock Terrains, Factor Function.

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D. Muralidharan ¹, R. Rangarajan ¹, G. K. Hodlur ¹, U. Sathyanarayana ¹

Affiliations
1 National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad - 500 007, IN

Abstract

A research study has been carrted out to evaluate the economically viable depth of desiltation in old tanks to achieve a substantial increase in percolation and storage Two tanks -an old minor irrigation tank and a newly constructed percolation tank were selected in a granite terrain and infiltration studies were carried out with different thickness of silt removal Tritium tracer studies were coupled with the infiltration studies to follow the infiltrated water and evaluate the effectiveness of silt removal in percolation The study lndicated that in the case of irrigation tank, a steady state infiltration rate of 67 mm/h has increased to 350 mm/h with the removal of 65 cm silt showing a six-fold increase in infiltration rate Infiltration rate was found to be reducing by removal of 25 vm and 50 cm silt and the analysis of soil fraction indicated presence of clay at these depths The study at percolation tank indicated that the infiltration rate of 10-20 mm/h has increased to a maximum of 310 mm/h with removal of 40 cm silt The tritium tracer migration study supported a faster movement of percolated water at desilted sites by showing a greater dilution of tracer concentration and deeper penetration The research study strongly supports a necessity of carrying out infiltration studies at different places within the tank bed area with removal of varying thickness of silt to decide the optimal level of desiltation especially in old tanks before commencing revival of tank system.

Keywords

Tanks, lnfiltration rate, Optimal desilting, Percolation efficiency, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh.

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Dhirendra Kumar Tripathi ¹, D. Muralidharan ², S. Sarvanan ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Information and Communication Technology, School of Computing, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, TN 613402, IN
2 Department of Information Technology, School of Computing, SASTRA University ,Thanjavur, TN 613402, IN
3 Department of Information Technology, School of Computing, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, TN 613402, IN

Abstract

In this paper, we present design and field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of fractional bit encoded (FBE)–spatial modulation (SM) based transmitter for the multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) system. SM is a novel approach to multiple–input–multiple–output (MIMO) systems which entirely avoids inter–channel interference (ICI) and requires no synchronization between the transmit antennas, while achieving a spatial multiplexing gain. This is performed by mapping a block of information bits into a constellation point in the signal and spatial domains. Fractional bit encoding is modulus conversion scheme which convert the incoming bit stream to numbers in an arithmetic base, or modulus, that is not a power of 2 .When applied to SM, FBE relies on encoding each point in the spatial domain, i.e., the antenna index, with, on average, a non–integer number of bits, while keeping unchanged the encoding process in the signal domain. This results in a more versatile system design allowing transmitter to be equipped with an arbitrary number of antennas for a wider range of spectral efficiencies given restrictions on space and power consumption. It is especially useful for compact mobile devices where cost and space constraints pose fundamental limits on the achievable bit rate. The synthesis results of the implementation of transmitter on FPGA are included in the paper.

Keywords

Fractional Bit Encoding (FBE), Inter Channel Interference (ICI), Multiple Input multiple Output(MIMO) System, Spatial Modulation (SM).

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N. Balameena ¹, D. Muralidharan ²

Affiliations
1 School of Computing, SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 School of Computing, Information Technology, SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

To implement automation testing for testing the telecom node commands in the wireless network management system. The main objective of this project is to perform automation testing for the various mode commands used in the wireless telecom nodes that plays vital role in enterprise applications implementation. There is various software testing methods that plays an important role in program progress lifestyles cycle. At present many programs were written based on internet utility which runs in a web Browser. This monetary relevance of net founded software increases the need of controlling and increases its satisfactory. In this modern technology world, manual testing of various telecom node commands became a time consuming and tedious process. Further, it is not effective in detecting the defects in large and time bound projects. In order to solve such problem, it is important to introduce a framework for automation testing. The assurance for quality of a system relies on automated checking that decreases the cost of testing and improves work effectively. A style of net centered techniques and functions are confirmed by automated testing instruments. To select the satisfactory method for a mission, quite a lot of issue like integration should be weighed and viewed against the time, cost and efficiency. Additionally the selected tool should suite the implementation and design of a utility.

Keywords

Automation Testing, Manual Testing, Network Management System, Telecom Node Commands, Wireless Telecom Nodes.

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S. Anu Karpaga ¹, D. Muralidharan ²

Affiliations
1 School of Computing, SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur - 613401, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 School of Computing, Information Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur - 613401, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Network on-Chip (NoC) is a novel technology which is used to make the interconnections between the components available in the System on Chip (SoC) design. This technology of NoC is defined and used in two varied forms as buffered and bufferless NoC. Bufferless NoC, a predominant type of network on chip, is used to reduce the cost efficiently by removing input buffers of the router. However, it is evident that this performance gets jammed at high loads because of the increase in the network contentions and deflection of packets in huge amount. To reduce the amount of deflection and to buttress the flow, Clumsy Flow Control (CFC) is used in the bufferless NoC. In this paper, a novel proposal has been propounded into the pipelining mechanism keeping in mind the flawless flow control needed for the bufferless NoC to decrease the impact of deflection routing and to increase the throughput with high injection rate. Employing the pipelining technique into the existing flow control increases the frequency which in turn, is responsible for high throughput. Implementation of the aforementioned pipelining mechanism is done in two stages in the bufferless NoC which helps to increase the throughput as well as the injection rate. Finally, the application with its pipelined implementation, as proposed, will be mapped onto the NoC architecture by using the CFC.

Keywords

Bufferless NoC, CFC, Network on Chip, Pipeline, Router.

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S. Aishwarya ¹, D. Muralidharan ²

Affiliations
1 School of Computing, SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur - 613401, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 School of Computing, Information Technology, SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur - 613401, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

On chip communication is now an upcoming technology; whereOn-chip interconnections are becoming tedious as they need to assure reliability, power, speed and scalability issues. Systems on chips, (SoCs), are so intricate that they oblige new interconnection techniques. Networks on Chip (NoCs) have paved way to resolve these problems. As application is becoming complex they require good design for greater bandwidth and performance which lead to 3D NoC. 3D NoC provide best solutions to connect as many functional elements on-chip over 2D NoC. Data flow NoCs can be categorized into: packet switched and circuit switched NoCs. The paper focus on simultaneous circuit and packet switching to benefit from two methods which ensures low latency and more resource utilization. Here in this paper, the circuit switched NoC is much concentrated where we implement our ideas in area like circuit setup method. Here we bring in a new method for guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) known an efficient path establishment mechanism in circuit switching in 3D Torus topology. Torus topology aims to produce less latency of other topologies, where the path is estimated based on to the destination node layers and position. This paper is more advantageous where it can get switched between to different layers and position in which destination is placed. As of 3D NoC with increased number of nodes it ensureslow power, low latency, increase hardware integration, improved throughput and enables multi core processing and also resolves scalability crisis. It can operate on both packet and circuit switching which reduces both cost and operational expenses. Analysis on latency, power and throughput is made for 3D hybrid integration which provides better solutions. Optic Communication can be extended for future progress for improved speed and accuracy.

Keywords

Circuit Switching, 3D NoC, SoC, Packet Switching, Torus, Quality of Service.

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Rolland Andrade ¹, D. Muralidharan ², R. Rangarajan ²

Affiliations
1 Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune 411 024, IN
2 National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad 500 007, IN

Abstract

Attempts were made to understand moisture movement in soil and unsaturated zones under a transient saturation phase created through an infiltration test using conventional self-potential (SP) survey and supportive studies of resistivity profiling and tracer, over a granite terrain having coarse sandy soil cover. The SP behaviour at various time intervals of infiltration stages qualitatively indicated a preferential soil moisture movement after an initial vertical downward movement at deeper depths. As inferred from the SP survey, tracer and conventional resistivity profiling studies substantiate the flow direction by means of highest concentration of tritium content in deep soil cores and significant reduction in apparent resistivity along the direction. The results demonstrate that the SP method could be a useful tool to understand the rainfall recharge process and in surface-induced contamination studies.

Keywords

Infiltration Test, Soil Moisture Movement, Water Flux.

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